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Methodological Individualism and Holism Understanding Global Conflicts and Diplomatic Challenges in the 21st Century

By Dr. Firdous Ahmad Malik and Mr. Owais Ismaeil
Methodological individualism and holism are two primary approaches that dominate the academic and policy debate concerning wars, diplomacy, and societal change. Each of these approaches brings its own interpretation of the social life of humans and the systems in which they exist.

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The African Continental Free Trade Agreement (AfCFTA): A Catalyst for Economic Integration and Foreign Direct Investment in Africa

By Dr. Hebatallah Adam
The African Continental Free Trade Agreement (AfCFTA), initiated in January 2021, signifies a key achievement in Africa’s economic advancement. The AfCFTA constitutes the largest free trade area globally, encompassing 1.3 billion individuals and a collective GDP over $3 trillion, based on the number of member nations (African Union, 2020).

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